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prepared by Jesse Bruchac (JB) with help and guidance from Conor Quinn (CQ)
In grammar, a ditransitive verb is a verb which takes a subject and two objects. These objects may be called direct and indirect, or primary and secondary. This is in contrast to transitive verbs, which take only one object, a direct or primary object. - wiki
It's called the ethical dative, double object and/or possessor raising.
“Ditransitives are very relational and personal, because they're about someone being affected by what you do to/with some thing of theirs.” (CQ)
“Since all verbs have at least one subject, verbs are classified according to how many more arguments/participants they have from there.
No more arguments (beyond the subject) = Intransitive” - CQ examples: Animate Intransitive (AI) wligo - he is good Inanimate Intransitive (II) wligen - it is good
“One more argument (the subject and the object) = Transitive” - CQ
examples: Transitive Animate (TA) w'namih8 Az8 - he sees John Transitive Inanimate (TI) w'namiton awighigan - he sees the book
“Two more arguments (subject + indirect and direct; or in Algonquian terms, primary and secondary) = Ditransitive” - CQ
example: Ditransitive (DTV) k'milin migwen - you give me the feather
“So ditransitives have a total of three arguments. Subject, primary (indirect) object, and secondary (direct) object. There are many ditransitives. The most basic/familiar is GIVE. Others would include Pass. Like Pass me the salt. Or Throw, as in you throw me the ball. Or sing, like “he sings me a song”. Or Bake, like can you bake him a cake? The ditransitive almost always comes from adding in a recipient/beneficiary/affectee of the action: the person you sing/bake FOR, the person you owe money TO, or the person you steal something FROM.” - CQ
Part One: -i (me) and -a (him)
1. Mili - give me (milina give us) mili nilil pilaskol - give me those papers
2. Mila - give him/her/them mila kigawes kdagihi aplesa - give your mother another apple
Seeing the pattern:
Commanding one person
Examples: 1. Mili t8bi ta pakwa. Give me a bow and arrow. PPW 2. Mili wl8ganal. Give me dishes CW 3. Mili almos. Give me the dog CW 4. Mili kapi nitta. Give me coffee now CW 5. Mila t8bia ta pakwa. Give him a bow and arrow. PPW 6. N8zenemawi Touch something for me! JB 7. N8zenemawa Touch something for him! JB
Commanding a crowd!
(milinakw - you all give us) Example: Ni Sazos wdezidam8n wdihl8n, milokw Sazal t8ni wadahimit, ta Kchiniwaskw t8ni wadahimit Kchiniwaskw. And Jesus answering said unto them, render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's. PPW Part Two: k' (you), -el (me), -n (it)
3. k'mili - you give me (something) k'mili mdala monial - you give me ten dollars
4. k'milel - I give you k'milel kwat - I give you a cup
5. k'milin - you give me it k'milin awighigan - you give me the book
6. k'millen - I give you it k'millen sen - I give you the stone
Starting a conversation
Continuing the conversation
Examples: 1. Ndachwaldam tabna kmilin Az8 noji sogneb8lwat wdep tawiwi kchi wl8ganek. I will that thou give me by and by in a charger the head of John the Baptist. (Mark:25)
2. wikodmawi t8nitta kagwi walaldaman, kmillenji. Ask of me whatsoever thou wilt, and I will give it thee. (Mark:24)
3. T8nitta u wikodmawian kmillenji achikiba pabasiwi nginjameswi tbaldamw8gan. Whatsoever thou shalt ask of me, I will give it thee, unto the half of my kingdom. (Mark:24)
other forms...
Who, when, that, what Word Forms
The Pattern:
Examples: 1. Nd'alamizi kchi niwaskw milit wlidbamalsw8gan akw8bigadmaa. I'm thankful that the great spirit that he gave me health in spite of my age. CW
2. N'-d-alamizowi wahw8gom8 Tabaldak milit s8glamalsow8gan akw8bigademaa. `I thank the Lord who gives me good health in my age. JL84:99 Common Ditransitives:
lakawi - throw me something wijokami - help me do something ab8nkawi - cook me something mili - give me something hli - tell me sami - feed me namithli - show me kinawi - look at me kitawi - hear me tbestawi - listen to me nadmihi - lend me kemodnawi - steal from me nadodmawi - ask me mikolawami - remind me of something 8nkaw8dokawi - interpret for me, speak as my substitute adagenemawi - cheat me mozmawi - cut my hair azimawa - dip (water) for me, give me a drink nimskamawi - fetch something for me n8bamakawi - step in my tracks, follow in my foot- steps, follow my example jibadegwenamawi - somone makes the sign of cross on me by hand tmezemawi - someone cuts something for me gadzemawi - someone cuts it off for me pitsenawi - someone fills a pipe for me nosokamawi - someone follows it for me dalijigitamawa - leave it for someone there jigitamawi - he leaves it for me gikinamawi - look at something of mine gizitawi - make something for me bigwedanemawi - open it for me lagwenamawi - direct me, point out something for me l8wig8damawi - point your finger at me gebahamawi - shut something for me jannemawi - stop something for me wikwikadawi - draw someone to me adelitakamawi - get in front of me nadialwawi - hunt in the interest of me nadialwawad - the one who hunts for someone else, he hunts for someone z8bodakawi - make a hole through me gachk8newi - scratch someone/something for me witamawi - tell to me for me to learn, teach me gelahamawi - forbid me, hold or stop me from doing something galahamawad - the one who is forbiden anhaldamawi - someone forgives me of something b8batamawawi - pray for me siziwanamawi - rattle for me bonamawi - someone replaces something for me askodamawi - signal me with a gun nadodemawi - ask me something baganemawi - break off a piece for me gizanohomawi - can buy something for me, already buy something for me wiwnitahamawi - he helps me strike around (as in catching muskrats), he strikes around for me olikawi - build a house for me, build me a nice house wikawi - build a house for me ademikawi - overtake me; reach or catch me maotakawi - hit me with body or foot, collide but not face to face, collide as with shoulder gibtakawi - knock me down, wound me with an instrument Last but not least...
We can also make our own Ditransitives using our favorite inanimate verbs!!
waj8nem = waj8nemawi = have something for me gelnem = gelnemawi = hold something for me kizito = kizitawi = make something for me kwilawato = kwilawatawi = search for something for me meskam = meskamawi = find something for me
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